Care leavers’ transitions to independence

Care leavers experiences of work and employment

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Jobs care leavers had and how they found them 

Care leavers described working many different kinds of jobs, often starting when they were 16 or 17. These included part-time, full-time, seasonal and voluntary work. Their jobs included working in cafes, retail, customer service, hospitality, technical support, finance and insurance, live-in roles that provided housing, and advisory or youth council work. Many found jobs by submitting multiple applications, even when they received rejections. Young people went to careers events, listened to advice from personal advisers, or heard about roles through charities or their councils. For some young people, their work changed with the seasons or when they had to move home. Sudden moves arranged by social care sometimes meant they had to leave a job without warning.

Marie got a job quickly by making a spreadsheet of employers and getting help with her CV.

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Marie got a job quickly by making a spreadsheet of employers and getting help with her CV.

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I got a job quickly: yes, I had like a huge spreadsheet with hundreds of places and, you know, I was preparing my CV. I was... I had people around me who could also help me do that with the CV. I think... I quite like talking to people anyway, so it puts me in good stead. Like personally, I’ve always enjoyed interviews and things like that and… quite curious, so I think... I mean it... I think maybe like when I was much younger I was hugely... I still am very socially anxious, but if I was still struggling with that, in that way, I would have really struggled to go into an interview, and that would have been a real barrier for me. But luckily I’d kind of developed a way to cope with that by the time I was applying for jobs.

Claire gained experience by joining the Children in Care Council working to improve the experiences of young people in care.

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Claire gained experience by joining the Children in Care Council working to improve the experiences of young people in care.

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Ooh, about 14/15ish, yeah. And it’s called [youth] Council, so obviously like floods of young people in foster care or from like children’s homes and stuff, and we all come together once a fortnight and sort of discuss what is working well and what’s not working well, to change things that aren’t working well. For example, like one of the things that we’ve recently worked on was the Change the Language campaign, so obviously when we’re looking back at like when you get your records when you’re 18, a lot of the people didn’t like the way certain words and stuff were used, like ‘placement’ instead of ‘home’, and it was very like... it’s too professional and it’s not like personal to you. So obviously we did like a whole Change the Language campaign and we got social workers then want to change the way that they’d speak. And it’s gradually going across country now, like it is slowly going across country, but yeah, so obviously that was like one of the main things that were done, which obviously did massively help. But yeah,a lot of the stuff that I learnt from like for my plan to move was obviously either [youth] Council or my PA, or me just researching all the bits and bobs, yeah.

Future jobs and career plans 

Young people often had ambitious and varied ideas about their futures. Some wanted creative careers, such as being musicians, producers, editors, directors, or working in immersive technology, gaming, or coding. Others were aiming for professional jobs like commercial design or work linked to social care. Many said they wanted stability, chances to progress, qualifications, and careers that matched their interests rather than just jobs they needed to survive. They also saw work as a way to become independent and reach long-term goals, like owning a home or building a family life.

Wren talked about her skills in music, filming, editing, and immersive technology, and how these could lead to careers in producing, directing, gaming, or coding. 

Wren talked about her skills in music, filming, editing, and immersive technology, and how these could lead to careers in producing, directing, gaming, or coding. 

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So, I do have experience in music and filming, and editing, so that could take me anywhere: I could become a musician, I could become a producer of music, I could become a producer of filming, I could go into editing, I could go... I could become a colourist within editing and like I could become a director. As far as the immersive and creative technologies, that would take me into more of a tech gaming job, or like a computer science, which my brother’s actually doing, so I could become like a computer science engineer. I think you might need an engineering degree, so that’s slightly different. But also coding itself is a job, so coding video games is definitely one as well, so I’ve got a variety to choose from, yeah.

Marie had a long-term career goal, but said climbing up the ladder meant working for free, which was difficult.

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Marie had a long-term career goal, but said climbing up the ladder meant working for free, which was difficult.

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Again, like I had the skills. I knew roughly that I wanted to work in the sector that I work in, I knew what I had as my long-term goal, and I knew that I’d have to sort of climb up these little ladders, and I had the patience. And I mean some days you think, ‘oh god, it’s not working,’ you know? But I knew that... what it was gonna take if I’ve got this longer-term vision and I want to own a home one day and have a family one day, I’m gonna have to look after myself and figure out my own stuff and I’m gonna have to put in the work and sometimes do jobs that I don’t wanna do. Sometimes you end up having to work for free and it’s the most painful thing when all you’ve ever done is give yourself to other people and now you have to do it more because that’s the nature of like forging a career, unfortunately, although it is getting better; a lot of internships and things are now paid.

Barriers to getting and keeping jobs 

Care leavers faced many barriers when trying to find and keep work. Frequent and sudden moves while in care meant leaving jobs with no warning and sometimes without being able to explain. Some young people said employers reacted badly when they shared that they were in care. A few young people who were seeking asylum said that they were not allowed to work at all during that time, which held them back. Mental health problems, anxiety, difficult relationships with colleagues, bullying, emotional instability, and burnout also made work harder. Housing problems pushed some care leavers into live-in jobs that were hard to keep. Many young people also talked about chronic pain, neurodivergence, and masking their needs, which made work more difficult, and this often went unnoticed or unsupported.

Elle got her first job at 17, but was moved a month later and couldn’t contact the café, so it looked like she just stopped turning up (read by an actor).

Elle got her first job at 17, but was moved a month later and couldn’t contact the café, so it looked like she just stopped turning up (read by an actor).

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I was moved around, like, quickly, like maybe one month somewhere, or, like, three months, another place. When I’d... like, was first turning, like, 15, 16, like, the kind of start of the teenage part of it, I guess, and so I wasn’t really at an age when I had a job. It wasn’t until I hit, like, 17, that I got my first job, and it was just, like, working in a cafe. And then I moved, like, a month later, but I didn’t have... really have any, like, contact details, or anything, so I just had to kind of not show up. And I felt bad. And I felt really bad about it, but there was nothing I could do because my social worker just turned up and was like: “We’re leaving tomorrow.” And that’s it.

So, I think after I got turned down from, like, two or three jobs where it had been mentioned that I was in care, I stopped telling people. And then since I turned 18, I’ve had, like, more full-time jobs instead of, like, having two or three part-time jobs. I’ve stopped... stopped that and had, like, full-time jobs

Jordan experienced burnout after working in a place with poor management, unkind colleagues, and long hours. 

Jordan experienced burnout after working in a place with poor management, unkind colleagues, and long hours. 

Age at interview: 24
Sex: Male
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Well, it was retail, so it was... the job itself I liked – I was busy. Like, there was people interaction, it was just management was poor. And then the team I was working with, they were very... the easiest way of putting it is they were very bitchy and they were very... they’d stab you in the back, and it just... it all just got... I was... I ended getting burnout because I was working ridiculous hours and not really benefiting from it.

Hope said that when her student finance stopped, she tried working, but her emotional health made it hard to keep the job. 

Hope said that when her student finance stopped, she tried working, but her emotional health made it hard to keep the job. 

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I was no longer in receipt of student finance and I tried working, but I didn’t last very long in a job because I wasn’t really like emotionally stable, and so, I just moved to like the most remote part of the country I could find. Like, it was in a valley. I just moved to this random valley in the [region in England]. I just thought, if I can move to a valley and be away from society it will fix everything. But it didn’t. They kind of just like… I got like I actually got fired from that job because I got into an argument with somebody. And so, then I moved to [County]. I just kept on moving to like these really remote places in the UK. But then I’d last a few weeks in these jobs. I’d kind of keep moving because I just couldn’t cope.

Support care leavers found helpful when looking for work 

When support worked well, it made a big difference. Some personal advisers gave helpful guidance on jobs, CVs, university routes, and training opportunities. In some workplaces, colleagues and managers offered emotional and practical support, including help with applications, mock interviews, and building confidence. Charities and opportunity teams sent young people information about jobs or voluntary roles, and youth councils or advisory boards helped them build skills and networks. Foster carers, friends, and community groups also supported young people during job loss and times of instability.

Jordan’s colleagues encouraged him to apply to university and helped with the application and mock interviews, which helped him progress in his career. 

Jordan’s colleagues encouraged him to apply to university and helped with the application and mock interviews, which helped him progress in his career. 

Age at interview: 24
Sex: Male
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And then with the people that I work with will... like I’ve said, they’ve helped me get back into uni; they’re helping me progress, like, career-wise.

So how have they helped you, like is there something they’ve done kind of specifically?

Well, they went through my whole application with me and prepared me, helped me with the personal statement, interview, like they’ve... yeah, they’ve been through that process with me.

Richie said a charity gave him new opportunities, including being chosen for an advisory board. 

Richie said a charity gave him new opportunities, including being chosen for an advisory board. 

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The [Name] Charity. I got given the opportunity from the opportunities team, and I... honestly, I didn’t think I was gonna get onto it, but I did. I came in with false hopes about it, I thought I’d never get onto it, but I was surprised when I heard back from them and they said that I’d be going onto the advisory board. But recently it’s kind of messed up lately with the general election, ’cause they’ve not really been having meetings, but it’s still...

The pressure of work when you have no safety net 

Work carried extra emotional pressure for many care leavers. Some felt they had to work just to survive, using their wages to pay for food, bills, and housing with no room for mistakes. Others felt they were always behind their peers because they didn’t have the same support or head start. Many young people worried that one setback could ruin everything: losing a job could mean losing their home, which could then affect their education, benefits, or future plans. This made work very stressful, even when they were coping well.

Elle talked about needing to work just to survive, while others her age were in a better place because they had a headstart (read by an actor).

Elle talked about needing to work just to survive, while others her age were in a better place because they had a headstart (read by an actor).

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But I also know that as of now, I don’t have any other option, because, you know, I have bills to pay and I need to buy food and stuff like that. So, you kind of feel like you’re scraping by constantly and everyone else is at a much better place than you are because they got a bit of a head start.

And, like, now I do have a lot of experience working, so I haven’t had any issues, like, getting jobs since, kind of, the age of, like, probably just before I turned 19, I was always, kind of, welcomed with open arms into jobs because I had loads of experience working and I’d been working for ages and I could manage working while studying, and stuff like that, and so people are always quite like impressed by that. But definitely before I had any work experience, it was so difficult to get a job.

Dan was terrified of being kicked out of or failing at university because he had nowhere else to go. 

Dan was terrified of being kicked out of or failing at university because he had nowhere else to go. 

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If I get kicked off at uni, or I fail the year, then I’m terrified of what would happen to me, you know, because I’ll have nowhere to go, and I think that’s something that’s always been a fear… And even now when I’m finishing, I’m still terrified I’m still gonna mess up and they’re gonna kick me off or something, or... Because then if I don’t get this grade now, I can’t get this job, and if I can’t get this job, then I can’t pay for this house, and if I can’t pay for this house, I’m absolutely fucked.

Working without the adjustments needed

Care leavers often did not know what workplace adjustments they were entitled to, or they felt unable to ask for them. Many talked about masking pain, anxiety, or neurodivergent traits, which made work very tiring. They described sensory needs, fatigue, and the emotional effort of trying to seem fine in professional settings. Some said that even small adjustments, like being able to work from home sometimes, would have made work much easier, but they weren’t sure how to ask or whether it would be accepted by their employer.

Marie explained how being a care leaver, managing home life stress, and masking neurodiversity could make work more tiring, and how working from home can make things more manageable.

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Marie explained how being a care leaver, managing home life stress, and masking neurodiversity could make work more tiring, and how working from home can make things more manageable.

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We still do have that like in amongst our generation, like a belief that, you know, stiff upper lip when you’ve got to go to work, and all of this stuff, but I think it’s getting better, and I think we’re starting to realise that the private and the public is actually relatively... you know, you can’t really always separate who you are from the thing that you do to pay bills. And that’s gonna be especially the case when you’re a care leaver because, I don’t know, like, I could be working or something and I’ll get a text from my mum, and then, you know, I might be worried about her, or something – obviously we all do that – but I guess it’s maybe a bit more complicated, I don’t know. But yeah, I think I’m still new to it, I’m still learning how to be in the workplace and how to even know what my needs are, you know, in a workplace setting, let alone how to ask for them.

Yeah, there are always gonna be hurdles that you face, or times when you don’t really know how to explain yourself, or when you’re not really sure if you should offer context, or if you’re oversharing, but you also need to offer context because, I don’t know, you need like... you need some time to... Like, so I have fibromyalgia, so I get like chronic pain, all of that, and it’s really hard to say, “I think I need to work from home today,” or, “I think I need to look after myself today,” because you just think... But, you know, and that’s on me as well for thinking that I can’t say it, but it also comes from my experiences of not always being able to have my needs met first, and that’s quite a deep-rooted thing that comes with the territory of being a care leaver.

I was reading something, it was actually about ADHD and autism and people who have those, but it was saying you’ve got all these things about work that you often have to overcome, which at home you don’t have to overcome, but they’re relatively invisible. So, for example you might like it the temperature you like, or the lighting that you like, or... or you feel like you’re having to mask a lot of the time, and to some extent, yes, your workplace could offer you a lot of concessions for all those things, but in another sense you also, you know, are having to deal with them yourself, or it can just be resolved by being in a different space to work.

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