What is dementia?

  • Types of dementia
  • Mild cognitive impairment
  • Other causes of cognitive impairment and memory loss

Dementia is a condition that affects cognition (how the brain works). This often means forgetfulness but can also affect thinking and understanding, language and word-finding, or mood and behaviour. Dementia is a group of related symptoms rather than one type of disease. There are many types of disease that can cause dementia – the most common is Alzheimer’s.

Trish explains that Alzheimer’s is one type of dementia.

Dementia is a progressive condition which means it gets worse over time. Medication is available that can slow down the decline so that people may be able to carry on being independent for longer.

Some types of dementia

In this section, people tell us about different types of dementia. We cannot describe every type of dementia because there are many causes of dementia and everyone experiences it differently but here is a range of experiences that people told us about. If you are worried about yourself or someone else, it is important to speak to a GP.

It is not always easy to find out exactly what is causing dementia. Maxine was advised to have a Fludeoxyglucose (FDG) PET scan.

A PET scan showed Maxine had early Alzheimer’s disease.

Sometimes people are told they have mixed dementia, this is when there is more than one disease causing the symptoms, for example, Alzheimer’s and Vascular Dementia.

After an MRI, Ray was told he had mixed dementia.

Frontotemporal dementia (FTD) is often identified in younger people, under the age of 65. One of the first signs may be personality change. Richard has FTD, he told us he used to be a very sociable person but his character has changed.

A type of dementia that is similar to Alzheimer’s is Posterior cortical atrophy (PCA).

Derek describes the spatial problems with PCA.

Lewy body dementia and Parkinson’s disease are closely related conditions. Diagnosis may depend on what sort of symptoms are noticed first. Phil first saw the neurologist about his memory problems but they also noticed signs of Parkinson. He is diagnosed with Lewy body dementia.

Phil contacted his GP because of his memory problems.

Eric first noticed unsteadiness and physical problems, he was diagnosed with Parkinson’s.

Eric has been told his cognitive problems are related to Parkinson’s.

Mild Cognitive Impairment (MCI)

MCI is a term to describe cognitive problems that are not severe enough to be diagnosed as dementia. MCI can have many causes. It may be the early stages of dementia or, in some cases, the memory problem might be caused by something that could be treated, for example an infection or anxiety. Seeing a doctor will help to find out what the problem is and if treatment can help.

Paul has been told his memory problems are Mild Cognitive Impairment (MCI).

Other causes of memory loss or cognitive impairment

Some people have told us that the problem their memory, or brain fog, is due to other illnesses and medication. This might mean that the memory loss can get better if they change their medication or control other aspects of their health.

Christine has been told she hasn’t got dementia but living every day with memory problems is a worry for her. She tried stopping her medication which helped her memory but the pain was too bad.

‘Brain fog’ is related to the medication Christine takes for pain.

Soraya doesn’t want to know yet exactly what is causing her memory problems.

Some of this information is from the NHS website and the Alzheimer’s Society.

Living with dementia and memory problems

In this section we talk to older people who are experiencing cognitive impairment which they might describe as forgetfulness, memory problems, brain fog or more...

Noticing signs of dementia

These are some of the signs that people noticed that made them seek help. People told us that it is when things persist and start...